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人物：Barack Hussein Obama （转贴）

Barack Hussein Obama, Jr. (born August 4, 1961) is the junior U.S. Senator from Illinois. According to the U.S. Senate Historical Office, he is the fifth African American Senator in U.S. history and the only African American now serving in the U.S. Senate.[1] Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention while still serving in the Illinois State Senate. In November 2004, he was elected to the United States Senate by a landslide in a presidential election year marked by Republican gains. An October 2006 opinion poll identified Obama as the second most popular choice among Democratic voters for their party’s nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election.[2]

Early life and career

Barack Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Harvard educated economist, Barack Hussein Obama, Sr. of Nyangoma-Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province, Kenya, and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas. His parents met while both were attending the East-West Center of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. In his 1995 memoir, Dreams from My Father, Obama describes a nearly race-blind early childhood. He writes: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me – that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk – barely registered in my mind."[3][4]

When Obama was two years old, his parents divorced and his father returned to Kenya. His mother then married an Indonesian foreign student, moving to Jakarta with Obama when he was six years old. Four years later, Obama returned to Hawaii to live with his maternal grandparents.[5] He was enrolled in the fifth grade at Punahou School, a private college preparatory school in Honolulu, where he graduated from high school in 1979.[6]

In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes about smoking marijuana and trying cocaine during his teenage years.[3] Inviting journalists to contrast his earlier admission with Bill Clinton’s "didn’t inhale" remarks made during the 1992 presidential campaign, Obama recently stated: "I inhaled—that was the point."[7] Obama added: "It was reflective of the struggles and confusion of a teenage boy; teenage boys are frequently confused."[8]

After high school, Obama studied for two years at Occidental College, before transferring to Columbia College, an undergraduate division of Columbia University. There he majored in political science, with a specialization in international relations. Upon graduation in 1983, Obama worked for one year at Business International Corporation before moving to Chicago and taking a job with a non-profit organization helping local churches organize job training programs for residents of poor neighborhoods.[9]

Obama then left Chicago for three years to study at Harvard Law School. He was elected president of the Harvard Law Review, obtaining his Juris Doctor degree, magna cum laude, in 1991. On returning to Chicago, Obama supported a voter registration drive, then worked for the civil rights law firm Miner, Barnhill and Galland, and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School.[10]

State legislature

In 1996, Obama was elected to the Illinois State Senate from the 13th District in the south side neighborhood of Hyde Park, in Chicago. In January 2003, Democrats regained control of the chamber, and Sen. Obama was named chairman of the Senate Health and Human Services Committee.[11]

Obama helped to author an Earned Income Tax Credit for the state that provided benefits to the working poor. He also worked for legislation that would cover residents who could not afford health insurance, and helped pass bills to increase funding for AIDS prevention and care programs.[12]

In 2000, Obama made an unsuccessful Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat held by four-term incumbent candidate Bobby Rush. Rush, a former Black Panther and community activist, charged that Obama hadn’t "been around the first congressional district long enough to really see what’s going on".[13] Rush received 61% of the vote, while Obama received 30%.[14]

After the loss, Obama rededicated his efforts to the state Senate. In his 2002 reelection campaign, he ran unopposed. Obama authored a law requiring police to videotape interrogations for crimes punishable by the death penalty.[5] He also pushed through legislation that would force insurance companies to cover routine mammograms.[15][16]

Reviewing Obama’s career in the Illinois State Senate, commentators noted his ability to work effectively with both Democrats and Republicans, and to build coalitions.[17][18] In his subsequent campaign for the U.S. Senate, Obama won the endorsement of the Illinois Fraternal Order of Police, whose officials cited his "longtime support of gun control measures and his willingness to negotiate compromises", this despite his support for some bills that the police union had opposed.[19]

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